# Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst """A set of standard astronomical equivalencies.""" import warnings from collections import UserList # THIRD-PARTY import numpy as np # LOCAL from astropy.constants import si as _si from astropy.utils.exceptions import AstropyDeprecationWarning from astropy.utils.misc import isiterable from . import astrophys, cgs, dimensionless_unscaled, misc, si from .core import Unit, UnitsError from .function import units as function_units __all__ = ['parallax', 'spectral', 'spectral_density', 'doppler_radio', 'doppler_optical', 'doppler_relativistic', 'doppler_redshift', 'mass_energy', 'brightness_temperature', 'thermodynamic_temperature', 'beam_angular_area', 'dimensionless_angles', 'logarithmic', 'temperature', 'temperature_energy', 'molar_mass_amu', 'pixel_scale', 'plate_scale', "Equivalency"] class Equivalency(UserList): """ A container for a units equivalency. Attributes ---------- name: `str` The name of the equivalency. kwargs: `dict` Any positional or keyword arguments used to make the equivalency. """ def __init__(self, equiv_list, name='', kwargs=None): self.data = equiv_list self.name = [name] self.kwargs = [kwargs] if kwargs is not None else [dict()] def __add__(self, other): if isinstance(other, Equivalency): new = super().__add__(other) new.name = self.name[:] + other.name new.kwargs = self.kwargs[:] + other.kwargs return new else: return self.data.__add__(other) def __eq__(self, other): return (isinstance(other, self.__class__) and self.name == other.name and self.kwargs == other.kwargs) def dimensionless_angles(): """Allow angles to be equivalent to dimensionless (with 1 rad = 1 m/m = 1). It is special compared to other equivalency pairs in that it allows this independent of the power to which the angle is raised, and independent of whether it is part of a more complicated unit. """ return Equivalency([(si.radian, None)], "dimensionless_angles") def logarithmic(): """Allow logarithmic units to be converted to dimensionless fractions""" return Equivalency([ (dimensionless_unscaled, function_units.dex, np.log10, lambda x: 10.**x) ], "logarithmic") def parallax(): """ Returns a list of equivalence pairs that handle the conversion between parallax angle and distance. """ def parallax_converter(x): x = np.asanyarray(x) d = 1 / x if isiterable(d): d[d < 0] = np.nan return d else: if d < 0: return np.array(np.nan) else: return d return Equivalency([ (si.arcsecond, astrophys.parsec, parallax_converter) ], "parallax") def spectral(): """ Returns a list of equivalence pairs that handle spectral wavelength, wave number, frequency, and energy equivalencies. Allows conversions between wavelength units, wave number units, frequency units, and energy units as they relate to light. There are two types of wave number: * spectroscopic - :math:`1 / \\lambda` (per meter) * angular - :math:`2 \\pi / \\lambda` (radian per meter) """ hc = _si.h.value * _si.c.value two_pi = 2.0 * np.pi inv_m_spec = si.m ** -1 inv_m_ang = si.radian / si.m return Equivalency([ (si.m, si.Hz, lambda x: _si.c.value / x), (si.m, si.J, lambda x: hc / x), (si.Hz, si.J, lambda x: _si.h.value * x, lambda x: x / _si.h.value), (si.m, inv_m_spec, lambda x: 1.0 / x), (si.Hz, inv_m_spec, lambda x: x / _si.c.value, lambda x: _si.c.value * x), (si.J, inv_m_spec, lambda x: x / hc, lambda x: hc * x), (inv_m_spec, inv_m_ang, lambda x: x * two_pi, lambda x: x / two_pi), (si.m, inv_m_ang, lambda x: two_pi / x), (si.Hz, inv_m_ang, lambda x: two_pi * x / _si.c.value, lambda x: _si.c.value * x / two_pi), (si.J, inv_m_ang, lambda x: x * two_pi / hc, lambda x: hc * x / two_pi) ], "spectral") def spectral_density(wav, factor=None): """ Returns a list of equivalence pairs that handle spectral density with regard to wavelength and frequency. Parameters ---------- wav : `~astropy.units.Quantity` `~astropy.units.Quantity` associated with values being converted (e.g., wavelength or frequency). Notes ----- The ``factor`` argument is left for backward-compatibility with the syntax ``spectral_density(unit, factor)`` but users are encouraged to use ``spectral_density(factor * unit)`` instead. """ from .core import UnitBase if isinstance(wav, UnitBase): if factor is None: raise ValueError( 'If `wav` is specified as a unit, `factor` should be set') wav = factor * wav # Convert to Quantity c_Aps = _si.c.to_value(si.AA / si.s) # Angstrom/s h_cgs = _si.h.cgs.value # erg * s hc = c_Aps * h_cgs # flux density f_la = cgs.erg / si.angstrom / si.cm ** 2 / si.s f_nu = cgs.erg / si.Hz / si.cm ** 2 / si.s nu_f_nu = cgs.erg / si.cm ** 2 / si.s la_f_la = nu_f_nu phot_f_la = astrophys.photon / (si.cm ** 2 * si.s * si.AA) phot_f_nu = astrophys.photon / (si.cm ** 2 * si.s * si.Hz) la_phot_f_la = astrophys.photon / (si.cm ** 2 * si.s) # luminosity density L_nu = cgs.erg / si.s / si.Hz L_la = cgs.erg / si.s / si.angstrom nu_L_nu = cgs.erg / si.s la_L_la = nu_L_nu phot_L_la = astrophys.photon / (si.s * si.AA) phot_L_nu = astrophys.photon / (si.s * si.Hz) # surface brightness (flux equiv) S_la = cgs.erg / si.angstrom / si.cm ** 2 / si.s / si.sr S_nu = cgs.erg / si.Hz / si.cm ** 2 / si.s / si.sr nu_S_nu = cgs.erg / si.cm ** 2 / si.s / si.sr la_S_la = nu_S_nu phot_S_la = astrophys.photon / (si.cm ** 2 * si.s * si.AA * si.sr) phot_S_nu = astrophys.photon / (si.cm ** 2 * si.s * si.Hz * si.sr) # surface brightness (luminosity equiv) SL_nu = cgs.erg / si.s / si.Hz / si.sr SL_la = cgs.erg / si.s / si.angstrom / si.sr nu_SL_nu = cgs.erg / si.s / si.sr la_SL_la = nu_SL_nu phot_SL_la = astrophys.photon / (si.s * si.AA * si.sr) phot_SL_nu = astrophys.photon / (si.s * si.Hz * si.sr) def converter(x): return x * (wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) ** 2 / c_Aps) def iconverter(x): return x / (wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) ** 2 / c_Aps) def converter_f_nu_to_nu_f_nu(x): return x * wav.to_value(si.Hz, spectral()) def iconverter_f_nu_to_nu_f_nu(x): return x / wav.to_value(si.Hz, spectral()) def converter_f_la_to_la_f_la(x): return x * wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) def iconverter_f_la_to_la_f_la(x): return x / wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) def converter_phot_f_la_to_f_la(x): return hc * x / wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) def iconverter_phot_f_la_to_f_la(x): return x * wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) / hc def converter_phot_f_la_to_f_nu(x): return h_cgs * x * wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) def iconverter_phot_f_la_to_f_nu(x): return x / (wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) * h_cgs) def converter_phot_f_la_phot_f_nu(x): return x * wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) ** 2 / c_Aps def iconverter_phot_f_la_phot_f_nu(x): return c_Aps * x / wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) ** 2 converter_phot_f_nu_to_f_nu = converter_phot_f_la_to_f_la iconverter_phot_f_nu_to_f_nu = iconverter_phot_f_la_to_f_la def converter_phot_f_nu_to_f_la(x): return x * hc * c_Aps / wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) ** 3 def iconverter_phot_f_nu_to_f_la(x): return x * wav.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) ** 3 / (hc * c_Aps) # for luminosity density converter_L_nu_to_nu_L_nu = converter_f_nu_to_nu_f_nu iconverter_L_nu_to_nu_L_nu = iconverter_f_nu_to_nu_f_nu converter_L_la_to_la_L_la = converter_f_la_to_la_f_la iconverter_L_la_to_la_L_la = iconverter_f_la_to_la_f_la converter_phot_L_la_to_L_la = converter_phot_f_la_to_f_la iconverter_phot_L_la_to_L_la = iconverter_phot_f_la_to_f_la converter_phot_L_la_to_L_nu = converter_phot_f_la_to_f_nu iconverter_phot_L_la_to_L_nu = iconverter_phot_f_la_to_f_nu converter_phot_L_la_phot_L_nu = converter_phot_f_la_phot_f_nu iconverter_phot_L_la_phot_L_nu = iconverter_phot_f_la_phot_f_nu converter_phot_L_nu_to_L_nu = converter_phot_f_nu_to_f_nu iconverter_phot_L_nu_to_L_nu = iconverter_phot_f_nu_to_f_nu converter_phot_L_nu_to_L_la = converter_phot_f_nu_to_f_la iconverter_phot_L_nu_to_L_la = iconverter_phot_f_nu_to_f_la return Equivalency([ # flux (f_la, f_nu, converter, iconverter), (f_nu, nu_f_nu, converter_f_nu_to_nu_f_nu, iconverter_f_nu_to_nu_f_nu), (f_la, la_f_la, converter_f_la_to_la_f_la, iconverter_f_la_to_la_f_la), (phot_f_la, f_la, converter_phot_f_la_to_f_la, iconverter_phot_f_la_to_f_la), (phot_f_la, f_nu, converter_phot_f_la_to_f_nu, iconverter_phot_f_la_to_f_nu), (phot_f_la, phot_f_nu, converter_phot_f_la_phot_f_nu, iconverter_phot_f_la_phot_f_nu), (phot_f_nu, f_nu, converter_phot_f_nu_to_f_nu, iconverter_phot_f_nu_to_f_nu), (phot_f_nu, f_la, converter_phot_f_nu_to_f_la, iconverter_phot_f_nu_to_f_la), # integrated flux (la_phot_f_la, la_f_la, converter_phot_f_la_to_f_la, iconverter_phot_f_la_to_f_la), # luminosity (L_la, L_nu, converter, iconverter), (L_nu, nu_L_nu, converter_L_nu_to_nu_L_nu, iconverter_L_nu_to_nu_L_nu), (L_la, la_L_la, converter_L_la_to_la_L_la, iconverter_L_la_to_la_L_la), (phot_L_la, L_la, converter_phot_L_la_to_L_la, iconverter_phot_L_la_to_L_la), (phot_L_la, L_nu, converter_phot_L_la_to_L_nu, iconverter_phot_L_la_to_L_nu), (phot_L_la, phot_L_nu, converter_phot_L_la_phot_L_nu, iconverter_phot_L_la_phot_L_nu), (phot_L_nu, L_nu, converter_phot_L_nu_to_L_nu, iconverter_phot_L_nu_to_L_nu), (phot_L_nu, L_la, converter_phot_L_nu_to_L_la, iconverter_phot_L_nu_to_L_la), # surface brightness (flux equiv) (S_la, S_nu, converter, iconverter), (S_nu, nu_S_nu, converter_f_nu_to_nu_f_nu, iconverter_f_nu_to_nu_f_nu), (S_la, la_S_la, converter_f_la_to_la_f_la, iconverter_f_la_to_la_f_la), (phot_S_la, S_la, converter_phot_f_la_to_f_la, iconverter_phot_f_la_to_f_la), (phot_S_la, S_nu, converter_phot_f_la_to_f_nu, iconverter_phot_f_la_to_f_nu), (phot_S_la, phot_S_nu, converter_phot_f_la_phot_f_nu, iconverter_phot_f_la_phot_f_nu), (phot_S_nu, S_nu, converter_phot_f_nu_to_f_nu, iconverter_phot_f_nu_to_f_nu), (phot_S_nu, S_la, converter_phot_f_nu_to_f_la, iconverter_phot_f_nu_to_f_la), # surface brightness (luminosity equiv) (SL_la, SL_nu, converter, iconverter), (SL_nu, nu_SL_nu, converter_L_nu_to_nu_L_nu, iconverter_L_nu_to_nu_L_nu), (SL_la, la_SL_la, converter_L_la_to_la_L_la, iconverter_L_la_to_la_L_la), (phot_SL_la, SL_la, converter_phot_L_la_to_L_la, iconverter_phot_L_la_to_L_la), (phot_SL_la, SL_nu, converter_phot_L_la_to_L_nu, iconverter_phot_L_la_to_L_nu), (phot_SL_la, phot_SL_nu, converter_phot_L_la_phot_L_nu, iconverter_phot_L_la_phot_L_nu), (phot_SL_nu, SL_nu, converter_phot_L_nu_to_L_nu, iconverter_phot_L_nu_to_L_nu), (phot_SL_nu, SL_la, converter_phot_L_nu_to_L_la, iconverter_phot_L_nu_to_L_la), ], "spectral_density", {'wav': wav, 'factor': factor}) def doppler_radio(rest): r""" Return the equivalency pairs for the radio convention for velocity. The radio convention for the relation between velocity and frequency is: :math:`V = c \frac{f_0 - f}{f_0} ; f(V) = f_0 ( 1 - V/c )` Parameters ---------- rest : `~astropy.units.Quantity` Any quantity supported by the standard spectral equivalencies (wavelength, energy, frequency, wave number). References ---------- `NRAO site defining the conventions `_ Examples -------- >>> import astropy.units as u >>> CO_restfreq = 115.27120*u.GHz # rest frequency of 12 CO 1-0 in GHz >>> radio_CO_equiv = u.doppler_radio(CO_restfreq) >>> measured_freq = 115.2832*u.GHz >>> radio_velocity = measured_freq.to(u.km/u.s, equivalencies=radio_CO_equiv) >>> radio_velocity # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP """ assert_is_spectral_unit(rest) ckms = _si.c.to_value('km/s') def to_vel_freq(x): restfreq = rest.to_value(si.Hz, equivalencies=spectral()) return (restfreq-x) / (restfreq) * ckms def from_vel_freq(x): restfreq = rest.to_value(si.Hz, equivalencies=spectral()) voverc = x/ckms return restfreq * (1-voverc) def to_vel_wav(x): restwav = rest.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) return (x-restwav) / (x) * ckms def from_vel_wav(x): restwav = rest.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) return restwav * ckms / (ckms-x) def to_vel_en(x): resten = rest.to_value(si.eV, equivalencies=spectral()) return (resten-x) / (resten) * ckms def from_vel_en(x): resten = rest.to_value(si.eV, equivalencies=spectral()) voverc = x/ckms return resten * (1-voverc) return Equivalency([(si.Hz, si.km/si.s, to_vel_freq, from_vel_freq), (si.AA, si.km/si.s, to_vel_wav, from_vel_wav), (si.eV, si.km/si.s, to_vel_en, from_vel_en), ], "doppler_radio", {'rest': rest}) def doppler_optical(rest): r""" Return the equivalency pairs for the optical convention for velocity. The optical convention for the relation between velocity and frequency is: :math:`V = c \frac{f_0 - f}{f } ; f(V) = f_0 ( 1 + V/c )^{-1}` Parameters ---------- rest : `~astropy.units.Quantity` Any quantity supported by the standard spectral equivalencies (wavelength, energy, frequency, wave number). References ---------- `NRAO site defining the conventions `_ Examples -------- >>> import astropy.units as u >>> CO_restfreq = 115.27120*u.GHz # rest frequency of 12 CO 1-0 in GHz >>> optical_CO_equiv = u.doppler_optical(CO_restfreq) >>> measured_freq = 115.2832*u.GHz >>> optical_velocity = measured_freq.to(u.km/u.s, equivalencies=optical_CO_equiv) >>> optical_velocity # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP """ assert_is_spectral_unit(rest) ckms = _si.c.to_value('km/s') def to_vel_freq(x): restfreq = rest.to_value(si.Hz, equivalencies=spectral()) return ckms * (restfreq-x) / x def from_vel_freq(x): restfreq = rest.to_value(si.Hz, equivalencies=spectral()) voverc = x/ckms return restfreq / (1+voverc) def to_vel_wav(x): restwav = rest.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) return ckms * (x/restwav-1) def from_vel_wav(x): restwav = rest.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) voverc = x/ckms return restwav * (1+voverc) def to_vel_en(x): resten = rest.to_value(si.eV, equivalencies=spectral()) return ckms * (resten-x) / x def from_vel_en(x): resten = rest.to_value(si.eV, equivalencies=spectral()) voverc = x/ckms return resten / (1+voverc) return Equivalency([(si.Hz, si.km/si.s, to_vel_freq, from_vel_freq), (si.AA, si.km/si.s, to_vel_wav, from_vel_wav), (si.eV, si.km/si.s, to_vel_en, from_vel_en), ], "doppler_optical", {'rest': rest}) def doppler_relativistic(rest): r""" Return the equivalency pairs for the relativistic convention for velocity. The full relativistic convention for the relation between velocity and frequency is: :math:`V = c \frac{f_0^2 - f^2}{f_0^2 + f^2} ; f(V) = f_0 \frac{\left(1 - (V/c)^2\right)^{1/2}}{(1+V/c)}` Parameters ---------- rest : `~astropy.units.Quantity` Any quantity supported by the standard spectral equivalencies (wavelength, energy, frequency, wave number). References ---------- `NRAO site defining the conventions `_ Examples -------- >>> import astropy.units as u >>> CO_restfreq = 115.27120*u.GHz # rest frequency of 12 CO 1-0 in GHz >>> relativistic_CO_equiv = u.doppler_relativistic(CO_restfreq) >>> measured_freq = 115.2832*u.GHz >>> relativistic_velocity = measured_freq.to(u.km/u.s, equivalencies=relativistic_CO_equiv) >>> relativistic_velocity # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP >>> measured_velocity = 1250 * u.km/u.s >>> relativistic_frequency = measured_velocity.to(u.GHz, equivalencies=relativistic_CO_equiv) >>> relativistic_frequency # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP >>> relativistic_wavelength = measured_velocity.to(u.mm, equivalencies=relativistic_CO_equiv) >>> relativistic_wavelength # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP """ # noqa: E501 assert_is_spectral_unit(rest) ckms = _si.c.to_value('km/s') def to_vel_freq(x): restfreq = rest.to_value(si.Hz, equivalencies=spectral()) return (restfreq**2-x**2) / (restfreq**2+x**2) * ckms def from_vel_freq(x): restfreq = rest.to_value(si.Hz, equivalencies=spectral()) voverc = x/ckms return restfreq * ((1-voverc) / (1+(voverc)))**0.5 def to_vel_wav(x): restwav = rest.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) return (x**2-restwav**2) / (restwav**2+x**2) * ckms def from_vel_wav(x): restwav = rest.to_value(si.AA, spectral()) voverc = x/ckms return restwav * ((1+voverc) / (1-voverc))**0.5 def to_vel_en(x): resten = rest.to_value(si.eV, spectral()) return (resten**2-x**2) / (resten**2+x**2) * ckms def from_vel_en(x): resten = rest.to_value(si.eV, spectral()) voverc = x/ckms return resten * ((1-voverc) / (1+(voverc)))**0.5 return Equivalency([(si.Hz, si.km/si.s, to_vel_freq, from_vel_freq), (si.AA, si.km/si.s, to_vel_wav, from_vel_wav), (si.eV, si.km/si.s, to_vel_en, from_vel_en), ], "doppler_relativistic", {'rest': rest}) def doppler_redshift(): """ Returns the equivalence between Doppler redshift (unitless) and radial velocity. .. note:: This equivalency is not compatible with cosmological redshift in `astropy.cosmology.units`. """ rv_unit = si.km / si.s C_KMS = _si.c.to_value(rv_unit) def convert_z_to_rv(z): zponesq = (1 + z) ** 2 return C_KMS * (zponesq - 1) / (zponesq + 1) def convert_rv_to_z(rv): beta = rv / C_KMS return np.sqrt((1 + beta) / (1 - beta)) - 1 return Equivalency([(dimensionless_unscaled, rv_unit, convert_z_to_rv, convert_rv_to_z)], "doppler_redshift") def molar_mass_amu(): """ Returns the equivalence between amu and molar mass. """ return Equivalency([ (si.g/si.mol, misc.u) ], "molar_mass_amu") def mass_energy(): """ Returns a list of equivalence pairs that handle the conversion between mass and energy. """ return Equivalency([(si.kg, si.J, lambda x: x * _si.c.value ** 2, lambda x: x / _si.c.value ** 2), (si.kg / si.m ** 2, si.J / si.m ** 2, lambda x: x * _si.c.value ** 2, lambda x: x / _si.c.value ** 2), (si.kg / si.m ** 3, si.J / si.m ** 3, lambda x: x * _si.c.value ** 2, lambda x: x / _si.c.value ** 2), (si.kg / si.s, si.J / si.s, lambda x: x * _si.c.value ** 2, lambda x: x / _si.c.value ** 2), ], "mass_energy") def brightness_temperature(frequency, beam_area=None): r""" Defines the conversion between Jy/sr and "brightness temperature", :math:`T_B`, in Kelvins. The brightness temperature is a unit very commonly used in radio astronomy. See, e.g., "Tools of Radio Astronomy" (Wilson 2009) eqn 8.16 and eqn 8.19 (these pages are available on `google books `__). :math:`T_B \equiv S_\nu / \left(2 k \nu^2 / c^2 \right)` If the input is in Jy/beam or Jy (assuming it came from a single beam), the beam area is essential for this computation: the brightness temperature is inversely proportional to the beam area. Parameters ---------- frequency : `~astropy.units.Quantity` The observed ``spectral`` equivalent `~astropy.units.Unit` (e.g., frequency or wavelength). The variable is named 'frequency' because it is more commonly used in radio astronomy. BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY NOTE: previous versions of the brightness temperature equivalency used the keyword ``disp``, which is no longer supported. beam_area : `~astropy.units.Quantity` ['solid angle'] Beam area in angular units, i.e. steradian equivalent Examples -------- Arecibo C-band beam:: >>> import numpy as np >>> from astropy import units as u >>> beam_sigma = 50*u.arcsec >>> beam_area = 2*np.pi*(beam_sigma)**2 >>> freq = 5*u.GHz >>> equiv = u.brightness_temperature(freq) >>> (1*u.Jy/beam_area).to(u.K, equivalencies=equiv) # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP VLA synthetic beam:: >>> bmaj = 15*u.arcsec >>> bmin = 15*u.arcsec >>> fwhm_to_sigma = 1./(8*np.log(2))**0.5 >>> beam_area = 2.*np.pi*(bmaj*bmin*fwhm_to_sigma**2) >>> freq = 5*u.GHz >>> equiv = u.brightness_temperature(freq) >>> (u.Jy/beam_area).to(u.K, equivalencies=equiv) # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP Any generic surface brightness: >>> surf_brightness = 1e6*u.MJy/u.sr >>> surf_brightness.to(u.K, equivalencies=u.brightness_temperature(500*u.GHz)) # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP """ # noqa: E501 if frequency.unit.is_equivalent(si.sr): if not beam_area.unit.is_equivalent(si.Hz): raise ValueError("The inputs to `brightness_temperature` are " "frequency and angular area.") warnings.warn("The inputs to `brightness_temperature` have changed. " "Frequency is now the first input, and angular area " "is the second, optional input.", AstropyDeprecationWarning) frequency, beam_area = beam_area, frequency nu = frequency.to(si.GHz, spectral()) if beam_area is not None: beam = beam_area.to_value(si.sr) def convert_Jy_to_K(x_jybm): factor = (2 * _si.k_B * si.K * nu**2 / _si.c**2).to(astrophys.Jy).value return (x_jybm / beam / factor) def convert_K_to_Jy(x_K): factor = (astrophys.Jy / (2 * _si.k_B * nu**2 / _si.c**2)).to(si.K).value return (x_K * beam / factor) return Equivalency([(astrophys.Jy, si.K, convert_Jy_to_K, convert_K_to_Jy), (astrophys.Jy/astrophys.beam, si.K, convert_Jy_to_K, convert_K_to_Jy)], "brightness_temperature", {'frequency': frequency, 'beam_area': beam_area}) # noqa: E501 else: def convert_JySr_to_K(x_jysr): factor = (2 * _si.k_B * si.K * nu**2 / _si.c**2).to(astrophys.Jy).value return (x_jysr / factor) def convert_K_to_JySr(x_K): factor = (astrophys.Jy / (2 * _si.k_B * nu**2 / _si.c**2)).to(si.K).value return (x_K / factor) # multiplied by 1x for 1 steradian return Equivalency([(astrophys.Jy/si.sr, si.K, convert_JySr_to_K, convert_K_to_JySr)], "brightness_temperature", {'frequency': frequency, 'beam_area': beam_area}) # noqa: E501 def beam_angular_area(beam_area): """ Convert between the ``beam`` unit, which is commonly used to express the area of a radio telescope resolution element, and an area on the sky. This equivalency also supports direct conversion between ``Jy/beam`` and ``Jy/steradian`` units, since that is a common operation. Parameters ---------- beam_area : unit-like The area of the beam in angular area units (e.g., steradians) Must have angular area equivalent units. """ return Equivalency([(astrophys.beam, Unit(beam_area)), (astrophys.beam**-1, Unit(beam_area)**-1), (astrophys.Jy/astrophys.beam, astrophys.Jy/Unit(beam_area))], "beam_angular_area", {'beam_area': beam_area}) def thermodynamic_temperature(frequency, T_cmb=None): r"""Defines the conversion between Jy/sr and "thermodynamic temperature", :math:`T_{CMB}`, in Kelvins. The thermodynamic temperature is a unit very commonly used in cosmology. See eqn 8 in [1] :math:`K_{CMB} \equiv I_\nu / \left(2 k \nu^2 / c^2 f(\nu) \right)` with :math:`f(\nu) = \frac{ x^2 e^x}{(e^x - 1 )^2}` where :math:`x = h \nu / k T` Parameters ---------- frequency : `~astropy.units.Quantity` The observed `spectral` equivalent `~astropy.units.Unit` (e.g., frequency or wavelength). Must have spectral units. T_cmb : `~astropy.units.Quantity` ['temperature'] or None The CMB temperature at z=0. If `None`, the default cosmology will be used to get this temperature. Must have units of temperature. Notes ----- For broad band receivers, this conversion do not hold as it highly depends on the frequency References ---------- .. [1] Planck 2013 results. IX. HFI spectral response https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.5070 Examples -------- Planck HFI 143 GHz:: >>> from astropy import units as u >>> from astropy.cosmology import Planck15 >>> freq = 143 * u.GHz >>> equiv = u.thermodynamic_temperature(freq, Planck15.Tcmb0) >>> (1. * u.mK).to(u.MJy / u.sr, equivalencies=equiv) # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP """ nu = frequency.to(si.GHz, spectral()) if T_cmb is None: from astropy.cosmology import default_cosmology T_cmb = default_cosmology.get().Tcmb0 def f(nu, T_cmb=T_cmb): x = _si.h * nu / _si.k_B / T_cmb return x**2 * np.exp(x) / np.expm1(x)**2 def convert_Jy_to_K(x_jybm): factor = (f(nu) * 2 * _si.k_B * si.K * nu**2 / _si.c**2).to_value(astrophys.Jy) return x_jybm / factor def convert_K_to_Jy(x_K): factor = (astrophys.Jy / (f(nu) * 2 * _si.k_B * nu**2 / _si.c**2)).to_value(si.K) return x_K / factor return Equivalency([(astrophys.Jy/si.sr, si.K, convert_Jy_to_K, convert_K_to_Jy)], "thermodynamic_temperature", {'frequency': frequency, "T_cmb": T_cmb}) def temperature(): """Convert between Kelvin, Celsius, Rankine and Fahrenheit here because Unit and CompositeUnit cannot do addition or subtraction properly. """ from .imperial import deg_F, deg_R return Equivalency([ (si.K, si.deg_C, lambda x: x - 273.15, lambda x: x + 273.15), (si.deg_C, deg_F, lambda x: x * 1.8 + 32.0, lambda x: (x - 32.0) / 1.8), (si.K, deg_F, lambda x: (x - 273.15) * 1.8 + 32.0, lambda x: ((x - 32.0) / 1.8) + 273.15), (deg_R, deg_F, lambda x: x - 459.67, lambda x: x + 459.67), (deg_R, si.deg_C, lambda x: (x - 491.67) * (5/9), lambda x: x * 1.8 + 491.67), (deg_R, si.K, lambda x: x * (5/9), lambda x: x * 1.8)], "temperature") def temperature_energy(): """Convert between Kelvin and keV(eV) to an equivalent amount.""" return Equivalency([ (si.K, si.eV, lambda x: x / (_si.e.value / _si.k_B.value), lambda x: x * (_si.e.value / _si.k_B.value))], "temperature_energy") def assert_is_spectral_unit(value): try: value.to(si.Hz, spectral()) except (AttributeError, UnitsError) as ex: raise UnitsError("The 'rest' value must be a spectral equivalent " "(frequency, wavelength, or energy).") def pixel_scale(pixscale): """ Convert between pixel distances (in units of ``pix``) and other units, given a particular ``pixscale``. Parameters ---------- pixscale : `~astropy.units.Quantity` The pixel scale either in units of /pixel or pixel/. """ decomposed = pixscale.unit.decompose() dimensions = dict(zip(decomposed.bases, decomposed.powers)) pix_power = dimensions.get(misc.pix, 0) if pix_power == -1: physical_unit = Unit(pixscale * misc.pix) elif pix_power == 1: physical_unit = Unit(misc.pix / pixscale) else: raise UnitsError( "The pixel scale unit must have" " pixel dimensionality of 1 or -1.") return Equivalency([(misc.pix, physical_unit)], "pixel_scale", {'pixscale': pixscale}) def plate_scale(platescale): """ Convert between lengths (to be interpreted as lengths in the focal plane) and angular units with a specified ``platescale``. Parameters ---------- platescale : `~astropy.units.Quantity` The pixel scale either in units of distance/pixel or distance/angle. """ if platescale.unit.is_equivalent(si.arcsec/si.m): platescale_val = platescale.to_value(si.radian/si.m) elif platescale.unit.is_equivalent(si.m/si.arcsec): platescale_val = (1/platescale).to_value(si.radian/si.m) else: raise UnitsError("The pixel scale must be in angle/distance or " "distance/angle") return Equivalency([(si.m, si.radian, lambda d: d*platescale_val, lambda rad: rad/platescale_val)], "plate_scale", {'platescale': platescale}) # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- def __getattr__(attr): if attr == "with_H0": import warnings from astropy.cosmology.units import with_H0 from astropy.utils.exceptions import AstropyDeprecationWarning warnings.warn( ("`with_H0` is deprecated from `astropy.units.equivalencies` " "since astropy 5.0 and may be removed in a future version. " "Use `astropy.cosmology.units.with_H0` instead."), AstropyDeprecationWarning) return with_H0 raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {attr!r}.")